The Fluidity Of Cloning Gender Norms Racial Bias

Alex R Biology The Fluidity of Cloning . Gender Norms Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern Cloning The sea anemone undergoing cloning thumb]] In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments, cells, or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. Molecular cloning Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also†¦show more content†¦However, a number of other features are needed and a variety of specialised cloning vectors exist that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded RNA and DNA production and a host of other manipulations. Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps # fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA # ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence # transfection - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells # screening/selection - selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy. Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector . The vector is linearised using restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase. Following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitivation of cells, electroporation, optical injection and biolistics. Finally, the transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to

Essay on A Matter of Safety School Shootings - 698 Words

Thirteen people were killed at Columbine High School in 1999, thirty-three died during the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007, and twenty-seven people, twenty of whom were children no older than seven, were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012 (Kirk). These name only a few of the larger and most well-known school shooting incidences. In total, 297 people have lost their lives due to school-based shootings since 1980 (Kirk). Although this number may be small in comparison to death by guns overall, these instances are completely unwarranted and it is likely that they could have been avoided or at the very least reduced. These people, college and high school students, teachers, and even children, might still be alive today if our†¦show more content†¦Another solution would be the training and arming of teachers, allowing those willing to protect their students to have a means to do so. This likely could have saved the life of Victoria Soto, a brave but unarmed 27 year old teacher who hid her students and then told the Sandy Hook Elementary School gunman that they were in the gym before she, with no means by which to protect herself, was killed. Supposed â€Å"gun free zones† are not limited only to schools. Twelve people were killed and many others were injured in the Aurora, Colorado theater shooting this past year. It has been suggested that the shooter may have targeted this particular theater, which was not the closest to his home, specifically because unlike others in the area they had a no-gun policy and he knew the movie-goers would be unarmed (Lott). In the New York Times article â€Å"Colleges Become Major Front in Fight Over Carrying Guns† Students for Concealed Carry spokesman David Burnett is quoted as saying â€Å"If you had asked students the morning of the Virginia Tech shooting if they feel safe, I’m almost positive all of them would have said yes, but just a couple of hours later, those students found out that feeling safe is not the same as being safe,† suggesting that this feeling ofShow MoreRelatedThe School Shooting : The Doors, Hide And Wait, By Virginia Tech, And Columbine1260 Words   |  6 Pages Classroom intercoms blare on without warning, â€Å"Shelter in place!† is yelled clearly throughout the school building. Doors ae locked and lights are turned off, your teacher rushes you and your classmates to a corner in complete silence. You as a student truly don’t know if you and your friends are safe in this moment. This is a school shooting. A school is a place for young minds, meant to teach them about their world and prepare them for adult hood. Unfortunately with incidents such as Sandy HookRead MoreThe Importance Of Gun Control1209 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the many mass shootings that have occurred in recent years, the issue of gun control has been brought to the forefront of people’s minds. Some people believe in the power of the second amendment, and the right to personally own guns. This is the camp that I fall under. But there are those who believe in stricter gun control and view personal ownership of guns as a great risk. No matter what side you fall on the goal is the same, to make the United States of America a safe place to live. WeRead MoreThe Problem With Gun Control976 Words   |  4 Pagescoming on school campus and open fire? Should Americans change the law on gun control? So many questions on gun control, but no one right answer. 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In looking for an explanation the Media emphasized various topics such as mental healthRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control853 Words   |  4 Pagesincidents have occurred because guns were present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guns are unsafe especially in public. The greatest evidence for this is the number of shootings that have occurred in public because the right to carry guns. In fact, 70% of the shootings that have occurred have been proven that they could have been prevented. If there were more laws on gun control we would shootings go down a lot . However, it’s not easy to convince people to not carry guns but making more laws should help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologist have studiedRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Sandy Hook School Shooting1520 Words   |  7 PagesOn the morning of December 14, 2012, a lone shooter entered Sandy Hook elementary school and killed 26 people. This heinous crime is America’s deadliest mass shooting at a grade school and the fourth-deadliest mass shooting by a single person. Throughout the country, American citizens were mournful and regretful as media outlets released the details of what transpired. Police investigators, media reporters, and American citizens were left wondering how could this have happened and how could we haveRead MoreThe Importance Of Gun Control On College Campus1119 Words   |  5 Pagesand mass shootings has been higher than ever. Yet, the new agreement has been guns on campuses where gun activists have been successful in legalizing firearms for students and faculty on college campus throughout America. These gun laws allow students age twenty one and older and faculty to be given training and carry a firearm and concealed weapons on a college campus. The laws differ depending on the state, some allow firearms everywhere and some have restrictions. However, all schools must have

Change Program and Map The Problems †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Change Program and Map The Problems. Answer: Conduct the diagnoses of change that led King Edgar Hospital NHS Trust to launch an organizational change program and map the problems. The industrial revolution have led to the advancement of the world and has greatly contributed to the ongoing growth as well as development. As a result of the unique 4th Industrial Revolution, the government had mounted massive pressure for Hospitals to improve their services while reducing the duplication. This forced the three Hospitals to merge and subsequently formed the King Edgar Hospitals Trust. The Trust received massive negative media coverage as a result of its waiting list challenges alongside thirty pound million financial deficit. The Trusts credibility plunged deeper and this occasioned the need for change management. The identified problems facing the Trust then included surged trolley waits for the patients in both AE (Accident and Emergency) department, bottlenecks in medical admission ward, higher rates of admission, patient put on wrong wards, surged durations of stays, discharge delays, poor relationships with social services as well as surged patient complaints. The King Edgar Hospital NHS Trust was never left behind due to these change especially the 4th industrial revolution that has been increasingly contributing as well as challenging the norm. The revolution is never merely about smart and associated machines alongside ecosystem, it is instead a fusion of both and their respective interactions crossways the digital, biological as well as physical domains which make it fundamentally distinct from the predecessors. This implies that industries including the King Edgar Hospital NHS Trust must find novel forms of operating their businesses. This has subsequently led to the Hospital need for a major transformational change crossways the industry. This is because the Healthcare Industry is amongst the most critical to the 4th Revolution and this challenged with complexities of propelling key transformational change. King Edgar Hospital was as a result marred with financial crises, hurdles meeting the government waiting list targets as well as negative media coverage. The hospital was thus propelled to launch an organizational change program against this backdrop of a genuine crisis. It adopted the end-to-end chain which meant from the admission to discharge being the focal point earmarked for change. The change was thus meant to be the novel norm as the healthcare sector copes with the effects of the 4th industrial revolution. After deliberations on the issues identified above, it was apparent that many problems were related to inefficient patient processing that bared the capability of the Trust to decrease their waiting list. Provided the governing scrutiny of long waiting list, alongside resulting autonomy repercussions for the Trust, sorting out such capacity as well as throughout challenges became a top notch priority. The Trust realized that someone had to drive and accept accountability of the Trust to enhance the performance of the admission-to-discharge chain besides the turnaround strategy. The CEO of the Trust then asked the executive director of nursing (Tracey Burn) to take lead. Burns was aware of each problem. Albeit her roles and responsibilities were wholly managerial, she was never a stranger to hands-on-nursing, as she knew that the Trust beds were frequently blocked by patients that were medically stable yet had nowhere else to leave for like nursing home. She thus welcomed the opportun ity for two key reason. One reason was the professional caregiver gut response to an unacceptable condition as she thrived to place herself in the position of the patient having spent up twelve hours on the trolley in the AE department when one has had nothing to eat or even drink and one has likely got the sore bottom due to one being laid on the tiny and little thin mattress without dignity. For her, it was all about saying that the Trust could make a change to that menace then by merely moving certain of systems. Her second reason was that past patient viewpoint, Tracey saw the opportunity to expand her role of nurses in the environment marred with medical profession. She therefore wished to attempt to boost the voice of nursing and illustrate that nurses could contribute immensely to the agenda. Thus empowering nurses could assist recruit as well as retain additional nurses in what had turned out to be a very tight labor market. With the extra potential to relieve the waiting li st, the change project was a high stakes undertaking on each angle. She thus saw the opportunity to introduce a systemic approach to the discharge of patients which would start at the pre-admission phase and hence nurtured plans to usher in nurse-led discharges that imply the nurse assuming the responsibility from specialist physicians to make the ultimate decision for patient discharge. However, the major problem is that Trust never benefited from the governments option of pouring in additional resources to meet its targets as it was even already cash-trap. The Trusts option was to only work to meet its targets as best it was possible with its own existing resources. This goal thereby gave rise to expedient measures which generated hurdles downstream as they patient had to wait almost 12 hours leading increased pressure being mounted on medical admission ward to assign the patients to a ward-to evade violation of 12-hour ruling. This implied that the patient could be dispatched to wherever there was a free bed. Characteristically, such wrong assignments surged the duration of stay among patients since they would never be seen any relevant specialist, who undertook their respective rounds on other wards. The target pressures also distorted clinical priorities as patient were sent home early and had to be rushed back to the hospital for re-admissions. Aware of such a risk, Tracey knew the Trust would have to increasingly monitor their re-admission patterns very closely. There were various solutions implemented by the Trust in answer to the discharge problems. Discuss the main solutions. A golden bullets performance objectives were introduced by the Chief Executive in 2003. It entailed an energetic investment in the improvement as well as overhauling the discharge performance of the Trust. Tracey secured a pledge that where nursing took responsibility for discharge planning, matrons would be relieved of their onerous bedmanagement duties that would be then taken up by general management. Supported by her firm mandate from the top, Tracey organized the workshop on the improvement of process of discharge inviting the whole body of matrons each being in charge of a cohort of wards and 20 out of 22 attended. A reduced duties became effective from July. The Hospital engaged in effective discharge planning. They undertook this initiative and it benefited the Hospital greatly. It was successful because the lead matron had in past been the link between the hospital and matron for matters relating to discharge. Helen build on her experience and within few weeks following her first matrons workshop, she was already producing a report that clearly highlighted the scope of the initiative for ward sisters as well as nurses (Hayes 2014). Her report emphasized that it remained a key preference for Trust and that discharge planning began from point a patient was admitted. Several preliminary measures that had been undertaken already were documented in the report. The report further encouraged the ward staff to make better use of discharge lounge, while matrons were given 30-day reports about the utilization of lounge by various ward areas. Hellen further created a cartoon posters marred with golden bullets that clearly showed how discharge pla nning fit into the overal priorities of the Trust. Hellen shared such posters with all ward sisters that reported to Hellen and asked them to display posters to enable the staff to become familiar with their contents. Even the sisters that never went to Hellen contacted her for them and under mere two weeks the posters were displayed on each ward in Hospital. Hellen and newly appointed Discharge Manager were acknowledging the first full-day workshop for the promotion of ownership of discharge planning to make sure that all the staff sisters understood their respective pivotal roles in the process. These initiatives were mostly focused on working smarter than harder. The workshops were also opened to medics, therapist and social thereby raising their awareness of salient issues as a joint problem. Using one of the models of change discussed in class, explain in detail the change process that took place at the hospital led by the Director of Nursing and her team. The Lewinschange management model will be used in explaining the change process which occurred at the hospital led by Director of Nursing (Tracey Burns). This model views a change a familiar thread which runs via all businesses irrespective of size, age or industry. The world is changing rapidly and firms must change even more rapid as well. Organizations which handle change well thrive, whereas those which do not struggle to survive. This model views change as a process with separate stages and hence helps prepare one for what is coming and making a plan to manage a transition as Burns did in this case (Doppelt 2017). This model begins a successful change process by understanding why the change has to take place as Burns took her time to understand this. As put by Lewin assert it motivation for change has to be generated before change can take place One has to be assisted to re-examine various cherished assumptions regarding oneself as well as ones relations to other people. This is referred to as unfreezing phase from where the change starts. According to Lewins Unfreeze is the first phase of change that entails organization being prepared to accept that the change is essential as we saw Burns doing by explaining the purpose of the change and why it was needed in her various meetings with matrons and we saw the matrons accepting when she explained the cuts on roles. Burns used this phase as required by Lewin and developed a compelling message that indicated why the prevailing way of doing things were bad and could not continue (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The second phase is to change itself. Once the uncertainty has been created in the unfreeze stage, change stage is the point at which individuals start to resolve their uncertainty as well as look for novel ways of doing thigs. We saw Burns relieving the matrons their duties and making the nurse-led discharge as the change in the organization. The matron even started to believe her and accepted to act in ways t hat supported her new direction as we saw the matrons accepting to take part in the initiatives. Burns also allowed people enough time to transition as required by this model and this is why she was ready to wait and bring everyone on board. She even explained to them the benefits they will have thus accepting the change. The last stage is the refreeze where change is already taking shape and people have embraced the new ways of working, Burns was ready to refreeze. What lessons and pitfalls are highlighted by the approach to change management at King Edgar Hospital NHS Trust? How would you do things differently? Discuss. The lessons learned from this approach is that change is possible so long as there as a good will and a person who willingly agrees to take the lead. As we saw here, Burns was ready and had a willing heart and put herself into the position of patients to help them solve the problems they were facing. Also we see that even despite have no external resources Burns was able to bring people together and worked as team to realized great achievement (Cummings, Bridgman and Brown 2016). We saw starting very well by first telling people why there was a need for the change and explained in details her plans and got immense support from almost everyone despite few resistance. Thus we learn from that one needs to be objective and have self-efficacy that something can at least be done to change the situations as Burns did in this case. Delegation of duty and giving full authority is also a lesson learned as we saw both Green and Burns working very well after they had assumed their duties. The pi tfalls that I have acknowledged is that a leader should not be annoyed as we sometimes saw Burns when some people were opposed to her initiatives. There is always a need to understand everyone and bring them on board (Cameron. and Green 2015). If I were in Burns position, I would always appreciate my critiques and take their negative views as opportunities and use them to even make the change look more appealing. References Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T. and Brown, K.G., 2016. Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management. human relations, 69(1), pp.33-60. Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), pp.291-298.

Operating System Comparison free essay sample

This paper will discuss three main operating systems, Windows, Linux, and OS X. All three of these operating systems have features which are unique unto themselves. Although there may be arguments as to which one of these three operating systems is better it really all comes down to what features are needed for each user. This paper will describe the features that each of these operating systems has to offer. First, Microsoft Windows. Microsoft began its dominance in the early 80s by developing DOS also known as disk operating system. This is the first operating system made for a PC. Then came Windows 9X which was later called Windows 95. Then it had its predecessors of Windows 98, millennium edition, and Windows 2000. When Windows 95 came out Microsoft became the leader in operating systems. By 1998 Windows held 82% of the market shares in operating systems (Windows 9x,  n. d. ). What made Windows unique at this time was that it introduced the graphical user interface or GUI was a giant leap forward in how users would perceive their desktop experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Operating System Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As PCs became more popular it became necessary to refine features of the operating system. Concerns about security, networking, and the use of various peripheral devices as well as various programs had to be user-friendly. It was not until Windows XP was released that it was finally very user-friendly to add or remove hardware or to have a higher level of capacity to run various programs on the machine. And then release of Windows XP Microsoft greatly improve the performance, extensibility, portability, and probably one of the biggest ones reliability. It came at a time when consumers were getting tired of the slower and less reliable operating systems that Microsoft had been releasing prior to Windows XP. Second, Linux. Unlike the Microsoft operating system whose code was securely guarded and never released for the public to see, Linux was free source code. This allows any user to peek into the deep inner workings of his or her operating system. This was a great advantage because minds from all over the world are now able to not only see the source code and to improve upon it and make changes to meet the many varying needs of each individual user. Originally called MINIX it was originally designed to run on the Intel 8086 microprocessors (10 Linux Features Windows Should Have By Default,  2012). One thing about LINUX is that it has been able to keep up with changing market of technology ever since its inception. And those commanded the following because flexibility to keep up with the changing times and stay ahead of other companies to be compatible with new technologies. What most users probably dont know are the features that LINUX has over Microsoft windows. With LINUX multiple users can be logged in at the same time. With Windows you have to switch users in order to be logged in. Another thing that helps LINUX to stay ahead is the predictability of updates. Users never know when Microsoft is going to have an update for any part of their systems. Linux users however can mark it on the calendar when their next updates are going to be available. Another thing that Microsoft likes to do is to make the consumer pay more money for different versions of their product and for the additional programs that a user generally needs in order to have a fully functioning system. Right out-of-the-box Linux comes with a full software package that its users immediately benefit from without ever having to pay anymore for it. About the only thing that Microsoft includes with its operating system is a web browser and media player. Usually even those programs need to be updated by the time you install the operating system. These are just a couple of the features that Linux has to offer, however, Microsoft could take a lesson and look at these features and try to incorporate them within their own operating system. Finally, Mac OSx. Mac had a slow beginning. One thing about it that has not changed, however, is that it is generally more expensive to purchase a Mac system than it is a Windows system. Despite this Mac has continued to gain popularity in the market. Its programs have proved to be more stable than Windows, as a result of this hardware for the systems generally last longer as well. This is due to the fact that Mac systems have more features that monitor and regulate the activities, temperatures, and functions that can wear a system down faster. Mac computers also become known for their vivid aqua screen. Because of this many graphic designers, special effects editors, and even musicians have switched to using Mac computers. Even despite their price, which to this day remains higher than the competition, Mac still shares a steady part of the market and its popularity continues to grow. One of the biggest things that has kept Apple very competitive in the market is their version of the tablet. They have also developed the iPhone and the iPod. Apple was the first to not only create these devices but also they made these devices work with each other in a way that no other company has done with any of their devices before. Three operating systems discuss in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages from one another. The biggest advantage for Microsoft is the widespread use and compatibility with most every type of program out there. If youre a Linux fan then you appreciate not only the price which is usually free but also that it is open source software that if you have any programming ability you can make changes to it and improve your own experience and share with others. And Apple has some of the best programs for graphic designers and special effects. They also have their interoperable technology that makes it easy to share devices and view photos, music, and documents all in one centralized location on every device. In the end though it is still up to each individual user to assess their needs, their budget, and their preferences as to which operating system they choose to run on the computer.

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology Free Online Research Papers The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980) developed his theory of genetic epistemology throughout a nearly 60-year career as a professor and experimental researcher. Before he was 30 years of age, he was world renowned for his explorations of the cognitive development of children. Piaget is credited with fundimental contributions to the disciplines of child psychology, educational psychology, and, most famously, his cognitive development theory. Piagets experimental studies of infants, children, and adolescents provided insight into the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. He took childrens thinking seriously and respected them as the architects of their own intellectual development. Piagets child-centered research and observations of infants and children led him to the discovery that children think in different ways than adults as they progress through four distinct stages of development. Sensory-motor stage (birth to about 2 years): Infants rely on their senses to understand the world around them. Preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years): Pre-school children develop an increased capacity for symbolic thinking and the use of language and images. Concrete-operational stage (about 7 to 11 years): Children think logically and begin to see the world from others perspective. Formal operational stage (age 11 to adult): Hypothetical and abstract reasoning with systematic problem solving and abstract thinking. The formal operational stage begins at approximately age eleven to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes apparent during the formal operational stage. Deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome. This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics. While children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage. Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. This type of thinking is important in long-term planning. In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error to solve problems. Dur ing the formal operational stage, the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges. Children at the formal operational stage of cognitive development are often able to quickly plan an organized approach to solving a problem and have abstract thoughts. During the formal operational stage, the child goes through dramatic changes concerning his or her physiological and psychological state. During their course of development, adolescents face various developmental challenges and conflicts. These challenges need to resolve in order to move forward through their development. Hence, adolescence is a transitional period, where an individual goes from childhood to full maturity. Adolescents change cognitively in terms of the way that they think about social matters. Adolescent Egocentrism governs the way that adolescents think about social matters and is the heightened self-consciousness. This self awareness is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness. Adolescent Egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking: imaginary audience that involves attention getting behavior, and personal fable which involves an adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility, among others. The world renowned psychiatrist, Erik Erikson, presented the eight stages of emotional development which compliments Piaget’s theory. He stated that in the stage of adolescence (which he calls Identity vs. Role Confusion) the child learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of Who am I? But even the best adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity confusion. For instance, most teens experiment with minor delinquency, rebellious behavior, and self – doubting thoughts. Love, trust and authority can be the factors which decide what an adolescent’s personality and emotional development will be. The nature of love, and how the capacity to love develops, has become the subject of scientific study over the last decade. It has great implication for child development. Scientists have found that in addition to shaping the brains of infants, a mothers love acts as a guide for love itself. It has far reaching effects on her childs development and ability to love throughout life. However, what is less obvious is that a parent’s love is equally, if not more important for a child during adolescence. Although parents normally remain an important source of guidance and support, part of the adolescents struggle is to work toward independence from them. Thus adolescents continue to rely on their parents for material support and instrumental rewards, normally respecting their ideals as sources of continuity and stability. They are less likely, however, to see their parents as helpful in developing their views on present and future issues. For their part, parents generally feel an ob ligation to â€Å"socialize their adolescents properly by choosing their friends and placing them in certain groups and, hence, tend to be judgmental as their adolescent children explore different directions. Therefore, close friendships, because they involve non-judgmental yet caring equals, help the adolescent develop a sense of identity by offering a climate of growth and self-knowledge that the family may not be equipped for. In Tanach we see such a strong friendship in David and Yonasan. Although Yonasan was defying his father by seeing David, their bond was too strong to break. When it came to choosing between obeying his father and saving David’s life, Yonasan chose to save David, even though it meant facing his father’s angry wrath afterward. Their friendship had meant to much to him. Trust is another important aspect in an adolescent’s life. They need to trust, and be trusted. If a teen feels like they aren’t being trusted they may rebel. A study was done to see a pre-teen’s trust in their parents and the results showed that early and middle adolescents were willing to depend on mothers and fathers. However, with increasing age, adolescents were less likely to share private thoughts, feelings, and secrets with parents. While daughters and sons were similar in their willingness to depend on parents, daughters reported sharing confidences more with mothers and less with fathers. This is unlike the son’s whose preference was the father. Contrary to expectations, adolescents trust in best friends did not vary with age, but females reported greater trust in friends than did males. In Judaism, trust plays a major role. Emunah, trust in our G-d, trust in our rabbis and teachers, trust in our parents, and trust between peers is what makes someone a better person. If one does not place his trust in people, then he will have a hard time in life and always be looking behind his back to see what someone is doing. Trust is one of the keys to a happy and healthy life. The famous story of Peter, the boy who ‘cried wolf’ is a well known example of an adolescent taking advantage and misusing given trust. He had the trust of the townspeople until he used it up and no one wanted to help him when he really needed it. As a child enters adolescence, perhaps due to the fact that logical and abstract reasoning skills increase, and there is also a greater tendency to question authority. Also adolescents test the limits of new adult roles because they feel as if they don’t fit in with the younger children anymore, and need to prove to the adults that they are â€Å"just like them†. At this time, emotional adaptation becomes necessary for both adolescents and their parents. Authority is also a big factor in the Jewish outlook on life. We have the authority of rabbis and parents which we must accept, and of course, it all stems from our submission to the will of Hashem. There’s a story about a man who didn’t listen to his rabbanim, and as a result, the people in his town did not want to accept him into their circles. They ignored him and his life was becoming increasingly difficult. After a while, this man realized that he could not go on without the support of his peers, and he knew that they were right for not befriending him. He understood that in order to live a decent life, one must accept authority. Once he was able to mend his ways he became reaccepted and lived a happy life. Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory not only describes perfectly what is going on in each child’s brain as they grow and develop but it also pays tribute to the psychologist Erikson, whose theory compliments Piaget’s. Most theories on development stem from Piaget’s original theory. Love, trust and authority may not be written straight out in his texts, but somewhere along the lines, Piaget knew what comes into play in the development of a child and that those three factors are definitely important to a healthy development. ? Sources 1] E-Notes.com: enotes.com/psychology-theories/piaget-jean 2] Psychology today – Psychological journal: http://psychology.about.com/od/piagetstheory/p/formaloperation.htm 3] Associated Content.com : associatedcontent.com/article/365045/physical_and_social_development_of.html 4] Wikipedia-online encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development 5] Looking Forward Through the Lifespan by K. Peterson Research Papers on Developmental PsychologyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and Autumn

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You This Monday, September 3rd is Labor Day, in the United States. Families across the country will celebrate with barbecues, picnics, sporting events, and activities on the beach. It’s our last opportunity to enjoy the summer  before  it ends. This is what Labor Day has traditionally been known for. However, the history of Labor Day is a little more complex than  picnics and barbecue celebrations. Here are some interesting facts about Labor Day that you might not have known were true. Fact #1The first Labor Day occurred on September 5, 1882 in New York City.Fact #2Oregon was the first state to make Labor Day an official holiday in 1887.Fact #3The holiday’s origins stem back to the 1800s when the average American worked 12-hours a day, 7-days a week. Children ages 5-6 worked in factories and mines.Fact #4People avoided wearing white clothing after Labor Day as it unofficially marked the end of summer.Fact #5Labor Day began in Toronto, Canada in 1872 but quickly made i ts way to  the United States.Fact #6Labor Day began as a demonstration for workers rights but is modernly seen as an opportunity to celebrate the last day of summer.Fact #7In other countries, May 1st (May Day) is the day working people are honored. The majority of Europe celebrates May Day.Sources: [Forbes,  DoSomething.org,  CNN]

Jurnal 3 Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jurnal 3 Marketing - Assignment Example I always like to take cell phones of Nokia because of its reputation in the market. Also Nokia is well-liked by most people because of a number of features of the cell phone. With new technologies, Nokia is also offering new features that enable the cell phone more appreciative and likable. Some months ago, I have taken a cell phone of Nokia. I did not buy the cell phone as I was in need of it but because of the brand name and reputation. This is one of my favorite brands because this brand has never disappointed me in its provision of services. In addition, Nokia has its market value. I was at the age of 13 when I first get a Nokia mobile and I was very happy to get it. My cell phone was well-liked by all my friends and my family members and every one showed appreciation for it. I have an interest in the products of Nokia because it is durable, it has market value and it is well-liked. There were a few incidents that happened when I got the cell phone. My cell phone dropped from my hands a number of times but nothing happened to it, which proved its durability. Also, once it fell into a pool, I brought it out and at once powered it off in order to safeguard it from any harm. I then dried all its water and put it under a lamp. After a day, I powered it on and to my great surprise, it was just okay. My friends reported the same incidents with their cell phones but with destructive outputs, while my cell phone remained safe. Therefore, I love the cell phones by Nokia. Whenever I am interested to get a new cell phone, I try to get awareness of new products launched by Nokia. I prefer to check the latest technological developments by Nokia because of its name. In addition, when I like some aspect of newly introduced technologies in the brands of cell phones, I always try to find the similarities in the Nokia brands. Like Nokia, I have a strong liking for Microsoft brands. The software programs

Fashion Design And Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion Design And Architecture - Essay Example The type of construction that is done depending on the preference and culture of the people at that particular time. It is for this reason that architecture is known to protect the culture of a given people over time and in most times act as cultural symbols. Due to this, we are able to learn the civilization of past people and how they lived during their times. The practice of erecting buildings can be seen as an art and in many cases, architecture is used to refer to buildings especially those constructed over a given period of time. There are various levels at which architecture can be done from the small-scale level that involves the construction of small-scale buildings such as kennels to the large-scale constructions of skyscrapers and water dams that can be seen in various parts of the world such as China and the western parts of the world. Design, on the other hand, can be described as the process of creating something with a given plan that is important to the making of a ne w system that can be used for various purposes. In software constructions, designing can be said to be the process of coming u with a blueprint of a software just before it is constructed. In architecture, the too design is one of the most important processes. The design is done with an intention of creating something new in the environment and creates unique things that have characteristics that have never been seen before. Design can also be described as the long process that is used to achieve particular set goals.  ... The practice of erecting buildings can be seen as an art and in many cases architecture is used to refer to buildings especially those constructed over a given period of time. There are various levels at which architecture can be done from the small scale level that involves the construction of small scale buildings such as kennels to the large scale constructions of skyscrapers and water dams that can be seen in various parts of the world such as china and the western parts of the world. Design on the other hand can be described as the process of creating something with a given plan that is important to the making of a new system that can be used for various purposes. In software constructions, designing can be said to be the process of coming u with a blueprint of a software just before it is constructed. In architecture too design is one of the most important processes. Design is done with an intention of creating something new in the environment and creates unique things that hav e characteristics that have never been seen before. Design can also be described as the long process that is used to achieve particular set goals. These set goals in most cases involve unique accomplishments. Fashion design is an art of applying natural beauty and design to come up with clothing and accessories that are acceptable to different people considering their gender, age, and the trend of time in which they are. Fashion design can be influenced by a lot of different factors top of which is climate. It is because of this that fashion designers work to accomplish their goals in different ways. The design is a continuous changing process as they have to work hard to match the consumer demand which keeps changing most of the time. For any designer to be successful, they

How media violence contributes to the violence at home Essay Example for Free

How media violence contributes to the violence at home Essay People have always believed that the various movies and violent dramas that are shown on TV are just but entertainment. In fact, some adults who feel that since they watched television when they were young and it had no negative effects on them tend to think that television violence cannot be a contributor to home violence. However this could not be the case in the present world. This is because the type of programs that were shown in the TVs in the early years did not contain many violent scenes as it is now. Many television programs are characterized with violent acts like abuse and rape, criminal acts and diminished trust. Indeed many researches that have been conducted clearly show that the increases in violence in the television are having a significant contribution to the violence experienced at home. Furthermore, the media portrays that problems both family and social are to be confronted with force or threats of force The effects of the violent scenes on television vary in the adults and children. Children are the ones who are highly affected since they are not able to discern what reality is and what fiction is. This makes them believe almost everything they see as being what the real world is. The present lifestyle has lead to most children spending many hours glued to the television something which itself can affect their behavior. In fact many researchers have shown that both the adults and children who spend most of their time watching television may develop the following perception. First is that there is an increase in crime even if it is not the case (Media Issues). Secondly that they can overestimate the risk of being victimized by crime and lastly they develop fear of crime which in itself sees crime as something that is all around. Some get mislead that violence rarely has negative consequences. In these programs a very high percentage of the violence acts go unpunished. In fact in some, those portrayed as heroes never get punished despite their violent acts. Furthermore, too much violence in the television leads to over aggression among children and in some adults. This has lead to an increase in violent behaviors in the world majorly due to imitation. People who see those being violent on TV try to copy them as models. This character is common among children. Studies have as well shown that children who watch violent shows and even identify with the violent characters are about twice as likely to be violent as young adults. The studies have as well indicated that men are more likely to embrace the violent acts as compared to their female counterparts. Other indicators of contribution of television violence to the home violence include increased desensitization and heartlessness (Christian answers). People tend to be more callous towards those who may have become victims of violence. In this they tend to ignore or just take easy incidences of violence claiming that they are common occurrences in television. This normalizes violence making it to look like part of daily life. Furthermore, in this way it dulls the emotion response to violence’s and its victims. In conclusion the influence of the media content on people has been openly quite evident. Anyone would agree with this. The advertisers use the media to sway consumer’s perception towards given products. This is equally the same to violence in the media which can as well sway peoples’ perceptions towards violence. Due to the above points it is clearly necessary for parents to take action against the viewing of television programs. Parents ought to talk to the children about what programs are good for them and which are harmful. Children should get encouraged to spend most of their time in sports and hobbies or friends other than watching television. Furthermore special banns ought to be put on some programs that have too much violence References Christian answers, Violence in the media – How it affects families? Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. christiananswers. net/q-eden/edn-f012. html Media Issues, Research on the effects of media violence, Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence. cfm

Engaging Modernity 101 :: Essays Papers

Engaging Modernity 101 Let’s start at the very beginning, which is a very good place to start, which for Eliot is his end and for Ashbery is his fading, for Jameson the end began when he wouldn’t stop pontificating on being, for Harvey the beginning and the end circulate around his architectural trends and socio-economic theories that keep him grounded but far from living. Joke—Three men (yes, no women) walk into a bar. The first man calls himself DJ T.S.; he spins at local, Wednesday night religious gatherings. You might know some of his rhythmic trance beats, one’s called â€Å"The Four Qs,† real modern, yah know? He gets real philosophical, â€Å"If all time is eternally present, yo! All time is unredeemable, yo! yo! daddy!† or how about the line, â€Å"human kind Cannot bear very much reality, so let’s MOVE IT ON!† He’s really known for that last one. DJ T.S. sits at the counter, checking out the lÄ dies, asks for a whiskey. A second man walks into the bar, named Singular J. He wears all black, and his t-shirt reads, â€Å"Ontologize This!† Nobody knows who he is; he just sits by himself for a while, writes in a little journal, and orders a â€Å"highly commercialized and overpriced† Guinness. The bartender, named Benjamin, says that Singular J. has an aura about him that seems contrived. The inevitable third man gallivants into the bar, orders a Cosmopolitan, doesn’t give his name, says he’s a doctor who tries to cure that pestering Condition of Postmodernity. After a few Cosmos, this doctor pulls out his Power Point presentation and tries to illustrate the modern and the postmodern with graphs and charts. DJ T.S. is thoroughly bored and wants to groove on some of his own brilliant tunes. He begins to rap over the doctor’s clinical jargon, â€Å"WhÄ ­sper of runňing streams, and winter light-ning. The wild thyme ta-time unseen and the wild straw-ber-ry, The laughter in the garden, echohohoed ecstasy Not lost, but Requiring, poinTing to the Agony of death and birth.† The ladies swoon; he pirouettes out the door. Now, Singular J. is left with the doc. Since the DJ is gone, they can really get down to business. Time is money. Let’s talk fast, the publishers are waiting. Singular J. complains about the doc’s Power Point. He unplugs the computer and tells him that â€Å"we very much [need] to continue the project of an ontology of the present, while abandoning the sterile attempts to reinvent a discourse of modernity.

Children Dealing With Obesity Essay

Obesity is a sensitive issue for adults’ so one can imagine how a child with obesity is affected mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually; emotionally: children have low self-esteem, mentally: children are stressed, physically: children are overweight, and it affects their well-being altogether. This is why it is so important that mandating that Parent, Teachers, and the community is educated on Childhood Obesity. After closely evaluating the situation and speaking to various parents, physicians, and viewing the actions of the children it has shown that all children are not Obese because of bad parenting. Obesity in children can come from various medical problems in children such as a thyroid issue meaning that his or her metabolism is not functioning correctly, or a pituitary gland issue meaning that he or she is growing too fast. Childhood obesity can also be genetic meaning that the child can be prone to it because of family history; no matter what the issue or problem it is necessary that we as a community be educated and parents should involve themselves in their child’s activities as well. The National Academies (2015) website recommends that the Government, families, industries, communities, and schools should support the children by showing leadership and commitment in evaluating prevention programs, food intake, make the evaluation capacity stronger by having good quality interventions. Schools can begin by monitoring students by placing cameras in the school cafeterias, and also schools and families can monitor the amount of food placed on a child’s plate, making sure that the plates are colorful with adequate fruits, veggies, whole grains, and dairy, caregivers and families should also monitor physical activities and the consumption of water. According to The National Academies (2015), â€Å"There will be a greater likelihood of success when public, private, and voluntary organizations purposefully combine their respective resources, strengths,  and comparative advantages to ensure a coordinated effort over the long term† (Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?). In order for this policy to be analyzed, the cameras had to be viewed, attestation, and possibly re-educate everyone. It seems to be working; the children are drinking more water, and eating healthier, and has included more quality physical exercise in his and her program. Parents are asking the right questions and getting more involved as well, parents are spending more and more time with their children as the teachers. Group sessions are working because the child has begun to speak up more, and is smiling and loving themselves more and more each session. Parents and teachers attended workshops to educate them in the maintenance and long-term prevention of obesity. One in five children are overweight, while one-third are obese that is why parents need to learn major factors that stimulate the development of childhood obesity. There should be some sort of consequences given if the stakeholders: being parents, schools and physicians are not willing to cooperate and get involved, possibly higher insurance premium until he or she cooperates, as for the teachers and or schools, begin by minimizing the school funds, because the schools funds are to educate and make sure the child is healthy and safe. In the conclusion the child’s lifestyle, nutrition, and environment needs to change for the better of the child. Parents need to be more educated on the illnesses that can and will develop unless these workshops are attended. It is understandable that organic foods and even most healthy foods and beverages are expensive and are not affordable, but parents can help by baking and not frying, by not supporting fast foods; schools can help by offering fruits instead of chips and junk food, offer milk instead of soda, and both parents and schools she push more water. References The National Academies. (2015). The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11722&page=70 Shi, L. (2014). Introduction to Health Policy. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

Music Appreciation Essay

Question 4: Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture was a very interesting song; there were many changes through out the piece. It started out sounding like a battle symphony where Tchaikovsky used the instruments to make a choppy sound, which reminded me of a march, as well as gun sounds. He has a great use of crescendo at the beginning. Along with increasing the sound level he also increases the tempo and brings the piece into a dramatic point as all of the instruments join. This includes many different types of instruments: orchestra, woodwind, and percussion. This composer also has a great use of repetition, in the first minute of the song he repeats small sections with the same instrument, but as the song develops he makes this more complicated and repeats longer sections and changes instruments each time. I really like this style because it allows the listener to hear each instrument individually, which is rarely done in a song. Drums are used to keep the beat in this section of the piece, whic h makes the battle feeling stronger and alludes to a heartbeat sound. But it is really the trumpets that stand out in the song and give the beginning of the battle presentation. After the repetition involving different instruments the song begins a decrescendo, this is a great transition into the next big change in the music. A dramatic shift happens and the music turns into a soft, smooth melodic tune that you would dance to at a ball. There is the use of a tiny bell sound that lightens the mood. The notes in this section are much longer and smoother than previously. Also, the woodwinds were taken out during this section and we only hear orchestra. I did not particularly enjoy this song until it transitioned in such a dramatic way; I have never heard such a transition in a piece where it goes from a battle theme to a ball dance theme. This section is very relaxing when compared to the pervious part. We then  transition into the third section and the tempo speeds up, the instruments still include the orchestra and a tambourine was added. The music quickly becomes quiet with a long pause and returns to the sound of the trumpet just like in the beginning of the piece along with the orchestra. There is a great crescendo and all of the instruments join in together, to me this section really clashes due to all the different sounds. This is where the gun shot sound comes in. All of the instruments join in a long scale that continues to decrescendo as the tempo slows. This is a simple part to write but I believe it is a very good part because it makes all of the instruments really need to work to stay together because it would be very obvious if one were a note off on the scale. As the scale ends the instruments instantly come to a loud crash. There are so many bells and trumpets and other instruments playing that it is hard to distinguish what is going on. This part is very repetitive with all of the instruments playing. The song then changes into a faster tempo and I recognize this tune from somewhere else, it is the trumpets and drums mainly playing until the cannon sound returns once again, and we come back to the battle scene. The is a very big, dramatic scale leading into the large bell sounds as the song is ending. All of the instruments then play the same half notes with short pauses between them and end with a long note to finish of the song. Overall, I really enjoyed this piece it was very interesting to listen to and hear all the different ways that the composer switched up the mood in the song. Question 8: Mozart Don Giovanni Act 2 Finale Part 2 Commendatore Scene is a great piece of opera, and I usually do not like opera. This part of the opera takes place in Don Giovanni’s dining room, he is having a feast made for a king when Donna Elvira arrives to tell him that she is no longer mad at him, but he questions why she isn’t and it is because she now pities him. She then asks him to change his lifestyle, but he refuses to and laughs claiming that women and wine are the necessities of mankind. She angrily leaves and then you hear her scream. Don Giovanni tells Leporello to find out why she screamed. He then leaves and comes back frightened as well and jumps under the table. He tells Don Giovanni that the statue he invited from dinner has arrived. Don Giovanni meets him at the door. The statue tells him to repent  for his sins, but just as before he refuses. When he does this a flash appears and the Earth below them opens and the statue pulls him down to hell. When Donna Elvira arrives on the scene the tempo is quick with light music showing the excitement and turn of events, but when she is asking him the important question of changing his lifestyle the music quiets down because he wants you to hear what she is saying to him. Then during his answer the music crescendos as he pokes back at her and gets down on his knees as well. Then as the discussion continues the music is played as the characters speak and stopped when they stop speaking. At the end of their argument they are holding each other and both singing at the same time and while they are doing this music crescendos with their argument to make it more dramatic. Then when she leaves the room and screams the tempo speeds up and gets loud for a second when Leporello screams. When he is explain what is going on to Don Giovanni the tempo increases to its greatest point showing fear and anticipation. When Leporello stomps on the ground to imitate the steps of the statue the music mimics him as he does it, which adds to the effect. We then hear the great set of knocks at the door accompanied by the whole orchestra and woodwinds. As the flash occurs all of the instruments are playing loudly in a sort of frantic way. There then is a long pause before they all come back in together dramatically as the statue enters. The music quiets as the statue begins to talk and this makes his voice sound very loud and booming in a scary way. It then turns to just the orchestra playing this Halloween type of tune that gives off a scary, creepy feeling. As the statue talks again the music quiets, I really like how the composer does this because it really sets his voice apart from the others. As he continues to speak the music in the background does a little scale heightening the anticipation. This continues quietly as they argue back and forth. The music quiets right before the statue makes his big announcement of why he came and they comes back in with a loud burst when he begins to speak. As the statue speak the music gets louder and as he stops speaking it grows quieter to show his authority. When Don Giovanni is answering the music goes back to the orchestra making the Halloween type of music. As they are holding hands the music cuts in and out, playing when Don Giovanni is talking and stopping when the statue is. This music crescendos as the Earth opens beneath them and does not stop until the play does getting louder and  deeper in sound as it goes. Question 5: Wagner’s Die Walkure â€Å"The Ride of the Valkyries† is a very familiar piece to most people because it is used in many other things. The leitmotif is what is so memorable in this song and what has been used so many times. The purpose of the leitmotif is to have a consistent sound that listeners will remember because it continues to repeat over and over again. A motif is very important because it creates a theme, it then links this sound to the story and when people hear this again they will think back to what was going on. This leitmotif has been used for so many different movies and played by so many people. I think the leitmotif is a great way to make a piece stand out, generating a common theme and repeating it over and over will stick it into the listeners minds and they will anticipate and expect it to come and when they are correct it bring a sense of joy. I like the idea of using this type of form; I believe it is very powerful and effective. Question 7: Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 is my favorite of all of his songs. This is another example of a great motif. The first four notes of this piece set the stage for the rest of the song. It is three short notes (G) followed by a longer note (Eb). The time signature is 2/4 and there is a quarter note rest at the beginning of the bar. This was actually used in World War 2 as ‘dot-dot-dot-dash’ for ‘V’, which stood for victory. This is a very widely known set of four notes. The best part about this piece is the fermata that Beethoven put in the opening because it is an indefinite hold which means that the conductor can hold onto the note as long as he wants.

Does Evolution explain human nature

Does Evolution explain human nature Morality is one principle that applies in both human beings and animals alike especially considering the evolution theory. Morality covers a broad perspective made of several elements/virtues like empathy. In their work, Martin Nowak and Frans de Waal address the issue of empathy in relation to human evolution. Of the two scientists, Martin Nowak addresses the issue of empathy better in relation to human evolution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Does Evolution explain human nature? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowak’s explanation of empathy fits well in evolution. Elementary, evolution is based on natural selection, which in turn is based on competition. Therefore, if humans have evolved through competition and survival for the best, it means that there has to be a change of rules to contain competition prevalent in natural selection to accommodate empathy. Empathy calls for cooperation, which is non-exi stence in competition; therefore, â€Å"Cooperation means that one individual pays a cost for another individual to receive a benefit† (Nowak 12). This explains how empathy fits in this selfish nature of evolution as facilitated by natural selection. The rules change when the ‘cost’ for another individual is fully paid. There has to be mechanisms therefore, to facilitate paying this cost. To this Nowak posits, â€Å"The fundamental mechanisms encouraging cooperation are direct and indirect reciprocity† (Nowak 12). Direct reciprocity results from interaction of two same individuals; what one individual has done to the other, determines how the other individual will treat the former. On the other hand, indirect reciprocity insinuates that what an individual has done to others, will determine how she/he will be treated. This means that, even in presence of competition, two competing sides may have empathy towards each other and cooperate. This is why Nowak says that, â€Å"Cooperation†¦is another, fundamental force of evolution† (13). Therefore, just like natural selection, cooperation becomes part of evolution bringing in the element of empathy existing amidst competing and evolving beings. Frans de Waal on his side views empathy from a perspective that does not withhold the competing nature of natural selection that brings about evolution. According to Waal, â€Å"Human morality must be quite a bit older than religion and civilization. It may in fact, be older than humanity itself† (12). This argument may be true; however, it does not address the issue of competitive nature of evolution. It excludes the issue of survival for the fittest. Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the principle cardinal rule of doing unto others as you wish them to do to you may hold true, it fails to explain how basic compo nents of evolution apply. Waal argues that, â€Å"Other primates live in highly structured cooperative groups in which rules and inhibitions apply and mutual aid is a daily occurrence† (12). The only thing he fails to address here is how these cooperative groups come to be in a scenario where everyone is competing to survive. He holds that empathy and reciprocity support human morality; however, the big question remains, how does empathy prevail in competition grounds. Looking at the two works of these scientists, Nowak seems to explain empathy better in relation to evolution. Without changing core principles of evolution like natural selection, empathy could only occur at a cost but not based on morality. Nowak exposits the process of paying the cost through reciprocity adding that cooperation is a basic element of evolution. Along evolution, competing individuals learn to empathize with those who empathize with them, hence cooperating in the process. Waal’s argumen t that human morality preceded humanity itself does not address the issue of competition in evolution. Nowak, Martin. â€Å"Does Evolution Explain Human Nature?† John Templeton Foundation. N.d. Web. www.templeton.org/evolution/Essays/Nowak.pdf Waal, Frans. â€Å"Does Evolution Explain Human Nature?† John Templeton Foundation. N.d. Web. www.templeton.org/evolution/Essays/deWaal.pdf

Prime Minister Joe Clark Biography

Prime Minister Joe Clark Biography At the age of 39, Joe Clark became the youngest Prime Minister of Canada in 1979. A fiscal conservative, Joe Clark, and his minority government were defeated after just nine months in power on a non-confidence motion on a budget of tax increases and program cuts. After losing the 1980 election, Joe Clark stayed on as Leader of the Opposition. When Brian Mulroney took over as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1983 and then Prime Minister in 1984, Joe Clark continued as an effective Minister of External Relations and Minister for Constitutional Affairs. Joe Clark left politics in 1993 to work as an international business consultant, but returned as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1998 to 2003. Prime Minister of Canada:Â  1979-80Birth:Â  June 5, 1939, in High River, AlbertaEducation:Â  BA - Political Science - University of Alberta, MA - Political Science - University of AlbertaProfessions:Â  Professor and international business consultantPolitical Affiliation:Â  Progressive ConservativeRidings (Electoral Districts):Â  Rocky Mountain 1972-79, Yellowhead 1979-93, Kings-Hants 2000, Calgary Centre 2000-04 Political Career of Joe Clark Joe Clark began his political career as Director of Organization for the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party from 1966 to 1967. He was Special Assistant to a Conservative member of parliament Davie Fulton in 1967. He served as Executive Assistant to a Conservative member of parliament Robert Stanfield from 1967 to 1970. Joe Clark was first elected to the House of Commons in 1972. He was elected as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1976 and was Leader of the Opposition until 1979. Joe Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada after the 1979 general election. The Conservative government was defeated in 1980. Joe Clark was again Leader of the Opposition from 1890 to 1983. Joe Clark called a Progressive Conservative Party leadership convention and lost the party leadership to Brian Mulroney in 1983. In the Mulroney government, Joe Clark served as Minister of External Affairs from 1984 to 1991. He was President of the Privy Council and Minister Responsible for Constitutional Affairs from 1991 to 1993. Joe Clark did not run in the 1993 general election. Joe Clark returned as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1998. He was re-elected to the House of Commons in 2000. In 2002, Joe Clark said he had carried the Progressive Conservative Party as far as he could. Joe Clarks resignation as Progressive Conservative Party leader was effective at the leadership convention in May 2003. Unhappy with the subsequent merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Alliance Party into the new Conservative Party of Canada, Joe Clark decided not to run in the 2004 general election.

Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes Essay

Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes - Essay Example Secondly, the plain meaning rule states â€Å"the language of the statute is clear, there is no need to look outside the statute to its legislative history in order to ascertain the statute’s meaning†. I agree with Felix Frankfurter that the language of the statute should be the starting point for identifying the meaning of the statute. Reading the text closely is the starting point for properly understanding and interpreting a statute. However, sometimes the initial understanding may be incorrect thus rereading the statute is a sure way of understanding its meaning. Thirdly, the legislative process has numerous components as well as actors participating in each of these components. Thus, it is almost impossible to identify the intent as well as the true sense of the words used in constructing a statute. Bills have multiple sponsors with regards to legislators. The bill is then introduced to a committee that has multiple employees who assist in producing a report on the bill. Finally, the bill is passed by the legislature and it is clear that it is almost impossible to discern the meaning of the bill at this point. Even though the passage of a bill requires consensus using a voting system, legislators vote for different reasons. Therefore, it is possible that legislators share different meanings of the bill but have the same interests. Thus, I would suggest that judicial construction should involve the incorporation of a classification statute or a general provision and withhold judges from performing construction.

Critique Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique - Research Paper Example The use of power or physical force in the description of violence widens its nature and broadens its conventional mastery to include acts that result from intimidation, power relationship and threats. The inclusion of power in the definition also includes acts of omission or neglect, as well acts of commission. Thus, physical force in this definition should be used and understood to cover aspects of sexual, physical, psychological abuse, and neglect as well as acts of abuse and suicide. Violence adverts are often classified into broad categories depending on the target group. Some of the famous classifications include: gender violence, where a fight involves a male and a female party; sexual violence, where either male or female is forced to have sexual advances with either of the parties; domestic violence, where there is a fight at family level involving husband and wife or children (Jones, 1996). This paper hence seeks to criticize violence ads involving the mentioned classificati ons. In this ad, the tiger is at gun point. This shows how people kill the animals without any cause. However, sometimes the killings result from personal defense which is not effectively presented in this ad of wildlife violence. Human beings are depicted as the aggressors. They are often implicated in assigning an violent actions to the wildlife. This is what this ad presents. It shows that the person holding the tiger at gun point is doing so without a proximate cause. Its like that was his main aim. On the other hand, the wildlife violence ad presents tiger as a humble animal without any harm or scare. It is like the tiger was not concerned with the person, and therefore it it’s the person’s fault to shoot a tiger that is innocent and not interested in attacking him at any point. These adverts mostly read â€Å"people kill animals.† Other people have even associated wildlife violence with masculinity in various studies involving popular culture. Other schola rs have suggested in such ads that the substitution of desire with violence has become a predominant aspect of pleasure construction. The adverts also connect aggression with violence against wildlife. It is difficult to find fair wildlife ads without human beings being implicated as the aggressors. Violence is generalized in most ads and indicates that animals are the ones targeted with bane and killing. Ads have been associated with shock due to the claims by some people that products are sold best in saturated markets with shock. Therefore majority of wildlife violence ads are a mere reflection of consumer shock desire. This makes the wildlife activists shocked that the actions in the ads really exist. They also indicate animals to be the ones targeted in the violence ads by human beings, they fails to consider that in most cases, the killing may be out of fear or defense. Hence, the ad seeks sympathy for the tiger from consumers (Kellerman, 2005). In this ad of wildlife violence , the tiger seems to be in its own business in the jungle, but the person is implicated as the perpetrator. The message to human beings in this ad is to â€Å"take an active role to protecting wildlife and creating a good human wildlife relationship without violence.† People are also urged in this ad to observe the need for respect in relationships with the wildlife. The ad effectively presents how the wildlife are targeted by human beings without any cause. In fact the ad appeals emotionally to

Historical relation between Islam, Christianity and Judaism Essay

Historical relation between Islam, Christianity and Judaism - Essay Example Religion helps to provide a driving force for every man’s existence on Earth – it is a belief of faith that people indulge in, in order to feel secure and protected in terms of their actions with relation to others around them. Islam, Christianity and Judaism are three of the world’s oldest religions, perhaps stemming and growing from each other initially as per historical evidences; however, today, the three have created a niche for themselves in the world with great followings of their own. It is said that Judaism was the backing that gave way to Christianity and Islam and that is why most of their teachings and beliefs are very much similar. The three religions share a stark relationship with each other in terms of their history with a connection between their messengers, texts and teachings. If checked properly, one can also notice the similarities between their rites and rituals, and how it is only different names and the use of different languages that sepa rates the three from each other. The commonality between the three is that each religion believes in its own God, and has put major emphasis on the higher supreme power that rules the faith. It is said that these Gods were the creators of heaven and hell, and of man’s existence on Earth, and that is why each religion has its own set of beliefs and laws for every man to dedicate his life to serving God.. Traditionally speaking, all three religions are bound by history because of their connection with Prophets like Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. They each were the servants of their Gods, and came as messengers to people in order to reveal the truth about life that God imparted to them. Abraham gave his people the message provided to him by God, Moses provided the Israelis with the Ten Commandments, and Jesus was the harbinger of the teachings of God and Hebrew prophets. Finally, Muhammad is said to have combined the above messages of God and reject any kind of idolatry whi le simply establishing some required laws for the rest of humanity to follow. According to history, it is said that Judaism formed the roots of religion from which Islam and Christianity grew with the help of Messiahs. All three religions had their own Messiahs that delivered messages of truth and peace to the rest of their followers. While taking the literal meaning of the word ‘God’ into account, all three religions date back to their creations; The Hebrew word for God is ‘Elohim’ which in Arabic or Islam can be translated as, and means, ‘Allah’. Jews were said to come from Isaac, the son of Abraham, and the Arabs from Ishmael, another son of Abraham. According to this theory, all three religions were born out of the brainchild of a single God, despite having branched out into separate entities. Thus, all of mankind is a child of Abraham. On reading the holy books pertaining to each religion, i.e., the Holy Bible or the Qur’an, many hi storians as well as people specializing in theology have pointed out that the texts and readings of all religions contain the same teachings in different languages. The names of the Prophets are also strikingly similar, with a few changes in the pronunciation due to being spoken about and written in different languages and scripts. With respect to history, taken from a pragmatic point of view, there is only one God and his sons were the ones to have brought his message to the rest of mankind, and this was done by three different elements, thus leading to the creation of different religions. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, gradually developed into powerful tools used for the purpose of politics and monarchy in different countries, among different people. Preaching to the people became a widely known concept in the early centuries of the world, and more and more people began to take to power just in order to be able to gather mass following. This came as a threat to the identity and existence of the religions as the purpose of existence for

Country Lovers Essay Example for Free

Country Lovers Essay A story of forbidden love on a South African farm, one child nothing more than a farm worker, as the other one prepares for boarding school. Both ignorant to the color of their skins, all they knew they were best friends playing together until they grew up and then it was not allowed. But when Paulus turns fifteen and goes to school things start to change he begins to realize the difference between boys and girls, and then the consequences behind his actions, but then it’s too late to turn back. What drew me into this story was the title country lovers, and then the forbidden love on a South African farm I wanted to see what it was about, curios to know if it was about two people of different races falling in love, creating racial relationships in a place that forbid it. And that was exactly what it was, two kids playing together as kids, a boy white and girl black, everyday playing on his father’s farm. What I couldn’t understand was why they were able to play as kids but not be able to socialize when they got older. If it was because of racial boundaries, why not keep them apart even when they are kids, then it wouldn’t be so confusing. The literary term and concept that best describes they way I am feeling about this would be Imagination because it expresses how the author was feeling about racial differences and allows the reader to feel what the author is writing about. I am using the Reader – Response approach to analyze my story because it asks you to connect with the literature, and find a personal link or imaginative entry into a story. And that is what this author makes you do. While reading this story I had a lot of different emotions like why did he change when he went to school, but when he came home he was with thebedi. Even though he met people at school whose family’s was prosperous famer’s? He still was bringing gifts to thebedi, she making gifts for him and both lying about where they came from and why. They had been sneaking around for months, so when she was eighteen and the farmer’s son was nineteen he left for veterinary college, Njabulo’s parents asked Thebedi’s parents to marry their son and they agreed on it, not telling Paulus or Njabulo that she might be pregnant. When the baby was born looked nothing like Njabulo, but he still was going to take care of her as if she was his own. This would be Satire because he should feel anger but instead he is willing to take care of her. My thinking didn’t change because in that time that’s what happens when two different races mix and have children, I just thank god it’s not like that now to the extreme it was then. Because I love people for who they are not because of where they come from. Because of the author’s background growing up in South Africa I can understand why she feels this way, they have different traditions and beliefs. This was a very good story; I enjoyed reading it and feeling what they were going through.

Essay --

The Black woman and her unique life experience have long since been neglected by mainstream media, historical accounts of events, and law makers just to name a few. For example, David Baker’s â€Å"Female Lynchings in the United States: Amending the Historical Record† emphasizes the carelessness and, as a result, inaccuracies of accounts taken of female lynchings from the early 1800s to the mid 1900s. The discrepancies, disorder, and missing information in the accounts Baker pulled from were all reminders of the frequency in which disrespect and disregard for Black Women and their experiences occurred. In modern day America, the Black woman’s experience is still lacking in the media. A prime example of the lack of presence of Black Women’s issues in the media is in Michelle Alexander’s â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.† The book discusses mass incarceration as the new way in which Blacks are systematical ly controlled in America. Alexander makes a convincing argument that through colorblind racism, the criminal justice system as a whole strives to methodically control Black men. What Alexander, like so many other authors of critical race theory, fails to mention, is the ways in which Black women are systematically oppressed throughout the criminal justice system. Along with bearing the brunt of stigmatization, Black incarcerated women also often find themselves facing health problems that stem from life circumstances—some that also are racially influenced—outside prison-life, but are magnified once they are incarcerated. The reason Black incarcerated women’s health becomes more pressing during this period, other than the fact that they do not have their freedom, is that there is a large flaw in the way... ...s incarceration, this is referred to as the "conspiracy of silence" (Miller, pg. 133). The child may not want to openly discuss where their mother has gone. The child may also evoke develop negative social traits because of their inability to talk about their incarcerated mothers, which can potentially widen the gap between them and their incarcerated mother. We can all recognize the importance of children being able to spend a certain amount of time with their mothers, but in prison that time is often cut short or non-existent which hinders the relationship between the mother and child. Some states are unwilling to provide children's visitation at their correctional facilities, and as a result the child becomes a victim of the criminal process. The child is paying for the crime that their mother committed by not being able to spend enough quality time with them. Essay -- The Black woman and her unique life experience have long since been neglected by mainstream media, historical accounts of events, and law makers just to name a few. For example, David Baker’s â€Å"Female Lynchings in the United States: Amending the Historical Record† emphasizes the carelessness and, as a result, inaccuracies of accounts taken of female lynchings from the early 1800s to the mid 1900s. The discrepancies, disorder, and missing information in the accounts Baker pulled from were all reminders of the frequency in which disrespect and disregard for Black Women and their experiences occurred. In modern day America, the Black woman’s experience is still lacking in the media. A prime example of the lack of presence of Black Women’s issues in the media is in Michelle Alexander’s â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.† The book discusses mass incarceration as the new way in which Blacks are systematical ly controlled in America. Alexander makes a convincing argument that through colorblind racism, the criminal justice system as a whole strives to methodically control Black men. What Alexander, like so many other authors of critical race theory, fails to mention, is the ways in which Black women are systematically oppressed throughout the criminal justice system. Along with bearing the brunt of stigmatization, Black incarcerated women also often find themselves facing health problems that stem from life circumstances—some that also are racially influenced—outside prison-life, but are magnified once they are incarcerated. The reason Black incarcerated women’s health becomes more pressing during this period, other than the fact that they do not have their freedom, is that there is a large flaw in the way... ...s incarceration, this is referred to as the "conspiracy of silence" (Miller, pg. 133). The child may not want to openly discuss where their mother has gone. The child may also evoke develop negative social traits because of their inability to talk about their incarcerated mothers, which can potentially widen the gap between them and their incarcerated mother. We can all recognize the importance of children being able to spend a certain amount of time with their mothers, but in prison that time is often cut short or non-existent which hinders the relationship between the mother and child. Some states are unwilling to provide children's visitation at their correctional facilities, and as a result the child becomes a victim of the criminal process. The child is paying for the crime that their mother committed by not being able to spend enough quality time with them.

Mghf

Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, even areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). Huntington’s disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasian populations (Harper et al, 1991).Patients with Huntington’s disease most typically display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntington’s disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases developing in patients younger than 20 years of age or older than 60 years of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993).Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the location of the genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was after another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting transcript 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene.This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntington’s disease it expanded to more than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native cells and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is also a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993).The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters can also act to recruit normal proteins to adhere together as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the toxicity of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004).The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, especially in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001).Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions important for development in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to protect brain cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at level of Bdnf tra nscription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005).Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals.Wild-type huntingtin binds directly to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the toxicity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Presence of only mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001).However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntington’s disease still remains incurable to this day. However, many treatments are available for treatments of its symptoms.Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antagonists, ac etylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug currently in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010).The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS.Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a reduction of 5. 0 units in chorea compa red with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntington’s disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing.The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntington’s disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the risk of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntington’s disease seems to lie on several major factors including: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonom y refers to the respect for the individual’s right to make an informed decision about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life.The patients should feel no pressure from physicians or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary information to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed.Beneficience is summarized by the phrase â€Å"first do no harm† (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic information about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may inc lude family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntington’s disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test.If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon confirmation by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated correctly in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well.For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclos e any information or they will violate the confidentiality of the patient. Justice simply means equal access to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though Cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntington’s disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals with the condition to lead healthy and normal lives (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntington’s disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done ?Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntington’s disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the knowledge to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population.Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely larg e. Similarly, would they still pursue to have a family and children if they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be resolved by following the ethical factors listed before.As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntington’s disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 89: 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986).Huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 4: 398-403. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes.Cell. 72: 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature. 306: 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , D’Amato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5733–5737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004).Evidence for more w idespread cerebral pathology in early HD: and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62: 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , O’Kusky, J. R. , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntington’s disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81: 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function: alternative approach to Huntington’s disease.Nat Rev Neurosci. 6: 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. & Brundin, P. (2003). Huntington’s disease: a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9: 414–420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , B orrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118: 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997).Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90: 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin an d the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431: 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 70: 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983). Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine.Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 66: 366-72 Huggins, M. , Bloch, M. , Kanani, S. , Quarrell, O. W. , Theilman, J. , Hedrick, A. , Dickens, B. , Lynch, A. , and Hayden, M. (1990). Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: the experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47: 4-12. Lea, D. H. , Williams, J. , and Donahue, M. P. (2005). Ethical issues in genetic testing. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 550:234-240.